Comment dit-on en français, "Don't let the door hitcha where the good Lord splitcha"?
Parisian students and human rights groups are protesting the expulsion of an immigrant student from France to Kosovo. Mainstream reports gloss over some details, save them till the end, or just don't report them at all. But good old Al Jazeera America tells it like it is in their article. Turns out she's not just any old immigrant, but a Gypsy whose family of a father and six children were in France illegally.
But what I really wanted to know was -- where did this take place? What happened to "where" in the list of the 5 W's? You hear about black immigrants burning cars in the banlieues of Paris fairly often, with none of the criminals getting shipped back to Africa. Something must be different about wherever this recent event took place.
Of the handful of articles I read, only the Al Jazeera one told me -- Levier, in the Franche-Comté region of eastern France. That part of the country is situated in the Jura mountains along the Swiss border. Even today the local economy reflects its pastoralist roots, with a majority of "agriculture" in the region being devoted to dairy (38%) and cattle farming (17%).
Other hot-spots of mass deportations of the Gypsies during the past several years are Lyon and Grenoble, which lie in the southeastern area dominated by the Alps. I don't think that's only a matter of where the Gypsies have set up camp, as the Northern Plain city of Lille shipped a bunch of them back as well. The lowlanders just don't seem as motivated or enthusiastic as the highlanders to purge the body of parasites.
(You see the same difference in America between lowland east Texas, around Houston, and highland Arizona -- both hit hard by massive Mexican immigration, but the former tolerating it and the latter pushing back.)
I touched on this theme in an earlier post about the (agro-)pastoralist peoples of Europe kicking out the Jews a long, long time ago, while the intensive agriculturalists put up with them for the most part, aside from a pogrom every 200 years or so. In Europe topography is a strong predictor of subsistence mode, with seed-scatterers squatting on the fertile lowland plains, and livestock herders grazing their animals on pastures in the hills and mountains. So Jews wound up as a middleman minority class primarily in the Great European Plain.
Could something similar be going on with Gypsies? You don't really find them on the hilly/mountain side of the civilizational fault-line in Europe (map here). It's true that you don't really find them in northern part of the Great Plain, like Poland or Lithuania, but that's probably because of the role of the Ottoman Empire. An earlier post tossed out the idea that the forced multiculturalism of the Ottoman Empire selected for cultural and genetic traits in Gypsies that adapted them to parasitism of the host society, whose rabble were not allowed to respond -- under threat from the Ottoman elite. Civil unrest would only disrupt tax flows, so don't any of you make waves.
Within the area formerly dominated or threatened by the Ottoman Empire, though, I think there is an effect of topography on how entrenched the Gypsies are. If you look at maps of Roma in Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary (their main countries of concentration), they do seem to prefer plains to mountains, though by how much is hard to say from eye-balling. It's not as obvious as the Jewish case, where they all poured into the plains, and hardly settled at all in the mountains. At least, Gypsies prefer those countries in Central/Southeastern Europe that have some amount of lowlands, and shy away from more strictly mountainous places like Bosnia, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro, and so on.
In fact, we can make the prediction that they will never thrive in the Balkan mountains as they would in the Polish and Lithuanian plains, assuming they ever migrate up there in large numbers to test it out. After they get enough doors slammed in their face in hilly/mountain Western Europe, I'm sure they'll settle for second-best and hit up Northeastern Europe. Or, shoot, if they can handle cold weather, watch them abuse the asylum system of socialist Scandinavia and take the Nords for a ride.
If there is some effect of highland living on resistance to Gypsy colonization, that would show that such people are robust in general against foreign invaders. It wouldn't matter whether it was an affluent bureaucratic class like the Jews or a criminal underclass like the Gypsies -- both groups would, in their own appropriate way, get the message of "You don't gotta go home, butcha can't stay here." We gave you a chance before we knew you very well, and you either betrayed our trust or wore out your welcome, so hospitality time is over.
Most people who complain about the backward, violent, vengeful side of the Culture of Honor, as contrasted with the progressive, peaceful, neutral-third-party side of the Culture of Law, overlook honor's twin -- hospitality. Honor means, you fuck me, I fuck you ten times harder back. But hospitality means, you host me, I'll host you ten times as lavishly next time around. The Culture of Honor is therefore really a Culture of Reciprocity, only one-half of which is "an eye for an eye." Guided by a framework of hospitality, pastoralist peoples can expel an immigrant group for having worn out its welcome.
But the Culture of Law says that, however the laws get made, we all have to respect them and can't take the law into our own hands. So if the official policy is to welcome the poor, tired, huddled masses -- even criminal underclass Gypsies -- welp, guess we just have to go along with it, whether we like it or not. It's not our place to deport a parasitic or predatory group, however much we might want to -- that's for the lawmakers and their neutral, distant enforcers to take care of.
The French solution has been to say, "Screw the law, get this scum outta here." Use whatever legalistic pretext you have to in order to appease the Culture of Law weenies, but make it clear to the Gypsy squatters that it's really a matter of them having worn out their welcome as guests, and don't come back unless you want trouble. Find some other place to parasitize where they won't push back. And Gypsies are no fools -- they know that their parasitism relies on tricking the host into thinking they're poor unfortunate guests in need of sanctuary. Once the jig is up, might as well move on -- not like they have an army to take the host society on.
France gets a lot of shit from the more rambunctious parts of the Anglo-Celtic world, but they're only partly a bureaucratic, legalistic culture. Good thing they have those highland regions to inject some honor-and-hospitality thinking back into their national discourse. Come to think of it, the Germanic migrations didn't leave much of a genetic footprint in the southern direction, so I wouldn't be surprised if the people from Levier or Lyon or Grenoble are old-school Celtic hillbillies. They're friendly if you're friendly first, but if they can tell you're a parasite, they'll run you out of town. Although I'm not sure if they have banjo-pickin' getaway music to play on the car stereo in Lyon...
It's not true that pastoralist "hill people" are categorically always more hostile to Jews. In the Middle East Jews have gotten along rather well with Druze and Kurds. Jews have also gotten along rather well in the Caucasus.
ReplyDelete"Jews" in the European context clearly refers to the Ashkenazim. The Mizrahi Jews in the Middle East are not a high-IQ foreign class of middleman administrators and managers. The Mizrahim are just another ethnic group among many others, not predatory / parasitic on the host society.
ReplyDeleteAshkenazi Jews in their last years in Eastern Europe weren't solely a "class of middleman administrators" either. They had grown too many and outgrown the niche. Jewish overpopulation in Eastern Europe may have been more of a cause of pogroms than anything they actually did.
ReplyDeleteIn any case, it depends how strictly you want to look at things. Both in the Middle East and in Europe, Jews were wealthier and more urban/mercantile than the majority population. Reason enough for persecution for some.
I was in Bosnia 10 years ago as a peacekeeper. Gypsies were everywhere.
ReplyDeleteFrom what I heard, they deported the Gypsy family precisely because they discovered the father had lied in order to get in the country. That sounds "legalistic" to me.
ReplyDeleteJames Scott compared gypsies to hill people in "The Art of Not Being Governed", not very credibly I thought. Of course, I didn't think much of Yuri Slezkine's comparison of Gypsies to Jews either, having earlier come to think of Ashkenazi Jews through the Sowell/Chua lens. Slezkine's "Dionysians" might map onto your pastoralist/hill people while his "Apollonians" would be lowland/farmer types. Scott says the gypsies fled from both northeast German (lowland/farmer) and Mediterranean authorities, flocking to the "outlaw corridor" between the two (Palatine to Saxony).
"they deported the Gypsy family precisely because they discovered the father had lied in order to get in the country. That sounds "legalistic" to me."
ReplyDeleteOf course we don't have to always take the rationalizations of authority figures at face value. Sarkozy proclaiming that he's going to ship X percent back, widespread complaints that their camps are noisy, filthy, a nuisance, etc. -- clearly point to a feeling of betrayed hospitality, and wanting to kick them out. Legalism is a pure rationalization in this case.
"Jewish overpopulation in Eastern Europe may have been more of a cause of pogroms than anything they actually did."
ReplyDeleteThat's something I've never read before, but would totally make sense. Do you know if anyone's looked into their population dynamics and the timing of pogroms?
Peter Turchin's model of state-internal group violence relies on "over-production of elites" as a key driver. Since Jews generally had white-collar / managerial jobs, and since there are only so many such jobs to go around, their population dynamics translate directly into (over-)production of elites.
Like, perhaps they got more rapacious when their numbers soared, and that's what triggered a pogrom not too long after. Mass violence breaks up the stability that a managerial class relies on to do its job, so their numbers fall.
With fewer hanging around, they don't need to be so rapacious to squeeze what they want out of the rabble, and that relatively benign treatment makes the host population tolerate them.
But greater tolerance leads to the proliferation of more and more managerial types, or at least a steady increase in how rapacious they can be, starting the cycle all over again.
That's the model, but no clue if the data support it.
19th century East European Jews did not primarily have white-collar managerial jobs. As IHTG mentioned, the population increase led to them outgrowing that niche. In 19th century Galicia (southeastern Poland and western Ukraine), they were more often traveling peddlers, tailors or other small craftsmen. Most were very poor.
ReplyDeletePastoralist parts of the Middle East seem to my impression characterized by multiple groups who compete and try to exploit one another in their interactions but continue to live side by side. Not much cultural-territorial cohesion. It doesn't seem like much driving off happens. The Balkans were incompetent at driving off the Ottomans, for an example.
ReplyDeleteThey are much more personally violent and poor as cultures, so extractive elite groups (stationery bandits) of one kind of another don't really happen (whether they're natives or foreigners). They more often become predatory groups than are predated on.
I touched on this theme in an earlier post about the (agro-)pastoralist peoples of Europe kicking out the Jews a long, long time ago, while the intensive agriculturalists put up with them for the most part, aside from a pogrom every 200 years or so. In Europe topography is a strong predictor of subsistence mode, with seed-scatterers squatting on the fertile lowland plains, and livestock herders grazing their animals on pastures in the hills and mountains. So Jews wound up as a middleman minority class primarily in the Great European Plain.
ReplyDeleteMost of the agriculturalists had no say in the matter. The primordial contract that is the foundation of agricultural civilization is that men give up their combative behavior as individuals and, in exchange, the society or state defends their territory as a group. When men agree to subordinate their animal rights to defend their own territory in combat to the death with males encroaching on their territory, they do so within the ostensible “social contract” that will protect from invasion by males from outside the territory over which that social contract holds jurisdiction. Civilization is founded on obtaining consent from males to not kill those in power. The natural state is (as is clear from Y-chromosome geography) males fighting to maintain territory against male immigrants, so any civilization that allows immigration has nullified this primordial consent. However, this leads to fundamental structural problems that simply cannot be overcome. Any time you let elites grow up from the countryside’s agricultural production, you create an elite that will defect against the interests of the rest of the agricultural population rather than do its fundamental duty of directing the state to protect its territory from encroachment by foreign males. Jews were able to live among agricultural populations not because they had consent from the agriculturalists in general, but because they had consent from the elites of agricultural societies that were negligent of their fundamental duty.
What is the name of the person who wrote this? This much ignorance should have a name attached to it! Jelena
ReplyDelete